文学论文

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篇一:文学类论文范例

Outline

Thesis statement: The Bible provides English literature with inexhaustible sources and has great influence on it in various aspects.

Abstract in English.1 Key words in English 1 Abstract in Chinese ...1

Key words in Chinese ...2 I. Introduction....3 II. Influence of the Bible on Articles’ theme...3

1. Influence on the spirit of people.3

2. Influence on the theme of Shakespeare’s works............................4

1.1 Romeo and Juliet..............................4

1.2 The Merchant of Venice............................6 III. Quotation of the Bible’s Allusions in Literature.........6

1. The story of Adam in John Milton’s works6

2. Allusions of the Bible in The Pilgrim’s Progress...8

Ⅳ. Influence of the Bible on the Styles of Literatures......9

1. Influence on the style of Macbeth..9

2. Influence on the styles of Ernest Hemingway’s works..9

Ⅴ. Employment of the Bible’s Symbolic Meanings......9

1. Symbolic meaning in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice...11

2. Symbolic meaning in Jane Eyre...11

Ⅵ.Conclusion ......12

Works Cited......14

全文共13页,4033字

The Bible’s Influence on English Literature

Abstract

The Bible provides English literature with inexhaustible sources and has great influence on it. Writers generally employ the materials of the Bible in four aspects: use the Bible’s theme as the theme of their works; quote the names of the characters or the allusions in the Bible; employ the styles of the Bible; and make use of the Bible’s symbolic meaning. As English literature reflects the Bible in various aspects, it is necessary to acquaint ourselves with the Bible so as to understand English literature better.

Key words: the Bible, philanthropy, allusion, Style, symbol

摘 要

《圣经》是基督教的经典作品,为英美文学提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的素材。英美作家化用《圣经》故事的主要方法有:借用《圣经》的主旨思想;借鉴《圣经》文体和艺术方面的特征;直接引用《圣经》故事或对原型故事进行变形或处理作为创作素材;通过比喻,隐喻或象征等手法把《圣经》故事的寓意融会到作品情节中或人物性格里,使这些故事发挥有力的陪衬作用。英美文学作品无不体现《圣经》的各个侧面,因此对《圣经》的了解有助于我们进一步欣赏英美文学,加深我们对英美文化和思想意识的了解, 从而更好地学习、欣赏乃至研究英国文学作品。

关键词:圣经博爱典故风格象征

I. Introduction

The Bible is the only book of Christianity. It consists of two testaments, the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the coming of the Christ. The New Testament contains four accounts (gospels) of the life of Christ. They are Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. This part covers the life of Jews and the history of the production and development of Christianity. If one reads the Bible carefully, he will find out that the Bible does not only record the history of the ancient Hebrews, or the Jews, but also is a philosophical work with plentiful meanings. It is said that the creation of the Bible lasted for over 1000 years and by numberless writers. In this long process of creation, the Bible became and is still the most important book in Christianity world. With the Christianity spreading all over the western world, the Bible has become more and more popular, this is why the Bible is not weakened. Some people read nothing but the Bible all their lives, and get their knowledge mainly from the Bible in Britain. The Bible is also used as a textbook and component of students’ education. The concept and philosophy of the Bible has been deeply pervading into the mind of English-speaking people, especially the writers who like thinking.

Writers use materials of the Bible by four main methods. First, the writers use the Bible’s theme as their article’s theme. Second, they quote persons names or allusions of the Bible as the character’s names or plots of the creations from the Bible. Sometimes they make some changes on the original stories. Sometimes they quote stories directly from the Bible as the writing materials. Third, the Bible influences British literature on styles. Forth, they make use of symbolic meaning of the Bible by some technical such as simile, metaphor and symbolism, so that the stories could exert a great influence on contrasting with the new products.

II. Influence of the Bible on Articles’ Theme

1. Influence on the spirit of people

The Bible has a great influence on almost all aspects of westerners’ lives, especially on spirit. The Christians believe that the Bible has the absolute authority in their lives. They cannot break any rules said in the Bible. If they follow the Bible, everyday could be colorful and after they die they can enter the heaven. We can say that the Bible is the constitution which is not only affect the behaviors of westerners’ lives, but also rule the thinking of people in Christian world. Christianity is a religion of philanthropy, which can be seen in the Bible. The Bible runs through by the spirit of mercy and love and they are theme of the Bible. The Bible’s influence is unique on the western consciousness system.

2. Influence on the theme of Shakespeare’s works

It can be proved from works of Shakespeare, the most important Britain writer. Shakespeare was very familiar with the Bible. We can find many ideas which belong to the Bible in any works of Shakespeare. There is an intense connection between Shakespeare and the Bible and it can be expressed from two ways. First, the spirit of the Bible influence the Shakespeare’s composing. Second, Shakespeare quoted many allusions of the Bible as the characters’ name or plots of the creation in his play, which will be introduced in the second part. In Shakespeare’s works, humanity, mercy and fraternity are the main themes, which, as we all know, are also the themes of the Bible. These themes are the most important characteristics of Shakespeare’s plays. In the Bible there are many maxims and admonitions expressing the idea of mercy and humanity on which Shakespeare’s works are based.

2.1. Romeo and Juliet

Ⅲ. Quotation of the Bible’s Allusions in Literary works

One of the special features of the Bible is that it is composed of many small stories allusions. These allusions were used as the materials of the English literary works by many writers.

1. The story of Adam in John Milton’s works

The story of Adam’s depravation originated from the Bible—Creation. God created the world from chaos. He created the sky, the earth, rivers, animals and plants. Then he used mud to make a man named Adam. Later when Adam was sleeping, God drew out a rib from Adam to make a companion for him, who is Eve. Their living place was wonderful. There were beautiful flowers and fruits with moderate breezes all over. All that they needed was prepared. This is the scene of the Eden. God said to them “You may freely eat of every tree of the garden, but the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die. Later a serpent tricks Eve that God is unwilling to let them know good and evil as him. Then Eve ate the fruit on the knowledge tree and she asked Adam to eat it too. When God found out this, he swept them away from the garden of the Eden. This is the cause of the original sin.

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Ⅳ. Influence of the Bible on the Styles of Literatures

The literary styles of the Bible also have a profound impact on English literature. Prediction is a very common way used in the Bible. For example, before Jesus was burn, three east doctors watched the sky and found a rising star in the east. According the language of his prophecy, the Jewish would be born in Bethlehem. So they went to Bethlehem to worship, and happened to see the star again on the road. Then they found Jesus in Bethlehem. In the last volume, Apocalypse basically used the way that seeing the uncommon phenomena described the predictions.

1. Influence on the style of Macbeth

Shakespeare employed this form in his plays repeatedly. In Macbeth, the witch predicted that Macbeth General would become the future king. Then Macbeth killed King Duncan and became the king. In the first act in Chapter Four, three witches mention three predictions. The first says that Macbeth should look out Maikedefu; second, no one could harm Macbeth; and third, Macbeth would not be defeated unless

篇二:文学类毕业论文正文格式(详细版)

目录

摘要 ··························································································································· (1)

关键词 ······················································································································· (1)

前言 ··························································································································· (1)

一、 由汉字的造字理据分析中国传统思维方式 ·························································· (2)

1、象形表意法和形象思维·························································································· (2)

2、指事、会意表意法和抽象思维 ··············································································· (3)

3、形声表意法和综合整体思维··················································································· (4)

二、由汉字的相关部件探求中国古代的生活习俗 ······················································· (5)

1、女部字和女性生活································································································· (5)

2、玉部字和玉文化 ···································································································· (6)

3、酉部字和酒文化 ···································································································· (7)

三、 由汉字的形体结构看汉民族的审美取向······························································ (7)

1、追求外形美 ··········································································································· (8)

2、注重内蕴美 ··········································································································· (8)

3、达到和谐美 ··········································································································· (9)

小结 ··························································································································· (9)

致谢 ··························································································································(10)

注释 ··························································································································(10)

参考文献 ···················································································································(10)

(毕业论文正文语言类题目不少于0.8万字,文学类和广电类题目不低于1万字)

论汉字构形的文化意义(4号黑体加粗.居中)

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学 生:

指导教师:

教学单位:三峡大学文学与传媒学院(小四 居中)

(5号空一行)

摘要:(5号黑体加粗)形训是训诂学的一种方法,即以形说义。凭借对汉字形体的分析不仅可以寻找字所记录词的理性意义,而且可以分析理性意义之外的文化意义。汉字的构形是有理据性的,形体结构是分析汉字文化的主要依据。本文尝试把汉字学分支中的汉字构形学和汉字文化学结合起来,以探讨汉字构形的文化意义。(5号宋体,篇幅200字左右)

Abstract(5号黑体加粗):for not only its rational sense reflected in the coinage but also its cultural meanings by analyzing its irrational senses. The conformation of any Chinese character has its theoretic or cultural basis. Therefore, the external conformation of a Chinese character is the main basis of analyzing its cultural sense reflected. Based on the study of Chinese characters, I attempt to explore the cultural meanings of the external conformation of a Chinese character by combining the two branches of the study of Chinese characters---the morphology of Chinese characters, and the study of the culture reflected in Chinese characters. (5号Times New Roman)

关键词:(5号黑体加粗)汉字 ;构形;文化;思维;部件(5号宋体,由3-8个词组成,各关键词之间用分号相隔)

Keywords: (5号黑体加粗) Chinese characters; the external conformation; culture; thinking;components(5号Times New Roman)

前言(居中、小四号宋体加粗)

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汉字是世界上历史最悠久、使用最广泛的文字之一,传承至今,一直保持着旺盛的生命力。原因是汉字是中华民族文化的载体,是中华民族文化思想延伸、传播和交流的基本工具,在悠久的历史文明进程中发挥着重要作用。然而汉字曾经受到不公正的待遇,“汉字落后论”的说法存在了很长时间,西方人认为汉字是世界上最落后的文字,因为古老的文字如埃及象形文字都早已消失,就连有些中国人自己也认为汉字是教育及信息化的瓶颈,拖了现代化的后腿,并发出“汉字拉丁化”甚至废除汉字的呼声。近些年来,随着汉字研究热的兴起,安子介提出了:“汉字是中华民族的根,是中华民族的第五大发明。”在1995年5月召开的学术会议上学者们一致认为:“汉字落后论的时代已经结束,21世纪是汉字发挥威力的时代。”这一观点有力地批驳了“汉字落后论”,力求把汉字放在新的高度上来研究,从研究中发现汉字的许多优点。

汉字属于表意体系的文字,寓义于形是表意文字的本质特征。汉字的形体和字义密切相关,根据汉字形体的结构特点和规律分析字的本义,进而说明引申义和假借义,这些意义由字形这一原点出发向相关的方面派生,形成了意义的关系网。这些意义的阐释深深植根于中华民族的文化土壤中,与本民族的文化特质、民族心理、生活习惯及思维方式相一致。“文化”作为术语,源于《易经》。《易经》曰:“观乎天文,以察时变;观乎人文,以化成天下。”西汉刘向《说苑》曰:“圣人之治天下也,先文德而后武力,凡武之兴,为不服也,文化不致,然后加诛。”这里的“文化”是指与“武力”相对的教化,其内容有两个方面,《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》,与礼仪风俗。由此可见,在中国古代,文化就是文治教化、礼乐典章制度。文化有广义和狭义之分。广义的文化指人类为了生存而替自己创造的自然环境以外的第二环境,包括物质文化、精神文化和各种社会制度,如政治、法律、经济、教育等。狭义的文化指精神文化,如伦理、宗教、民俗、哲学、科学及艺术等。本课题揭示的是广义的文化。(正文5号宋体)

汉字构形的分析是沟通汉字和文化的一座桥梁。字形是音和义赖以存在的躯壳,要了解汉字的音和义总离不开对形体的分析。王宁提出了汉字构形学说,它包括个别字的构成方式和汉字构形的总体系统中包含的规律,对汉字构形的基本元素(形位)进行了深入研究,显示出构形的系统性。王宁认为,汉字发展到小篆时代,构形大部分具有理据性,这种理据性带有文化内涵,是人类生活经验的反映,体现了人类对事物的观察和文化心理观点。总体来说,目前在汉字形音义的研究上取得了很大的成果,但是汉字形体研究的理论深度相对其它两个方面来说显得相对薄弱些。

语言是有声的,文字是有形的,用语言学的观点来看,语言是第一性的,文字是第二性的,语言决定

文字,文字反作用于语言。从目前很长一段时间来看,汉字和汉语是相适应的。两者适应的主导原因是汉字记录汉语,不断完善和扩大语言交际这一工具。在交际过程中汉字具有文化镜像功能,用书面形式记载的一个个形体,用徐德江的话说是“开发智力学习汉语的图画、积木和魔方”。一个小小的方块汉字都是一个魔块,里面藏着丰厚的文化和惊人的智慧,映射出了一幅社会物质精神的画面,启迪着现代人,让我们去挖掘汉字形体的内在价值。

要了解某个汉字的文化意义,可以从两个方面着手:一是对汉字的构形中所携带的文化信息进行分析。从构形中追溯古代文化,揭示规律真相。二是从文化的角度看该字,研究历史文化对该字的影响,用文化的眼光观察汉字,因超出本课题的范畴,故不再详述。汉字历史悠久,其形体在不同阶段又存在很大的差异,演化和变革为汉字形体的文化意义研究带来了一定的难度。但只要抓住汉字据形示义的特点,就能悟出它的意义。

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一、汉字的造字理据分析中国传统思维方式(小四宋体加粗)

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“从汉字形体中反映出来的原始造字意图,文字学称之为造意或构意。造意一旦为使用的群体所公认,

便成为一种可分析的客体,称之为造字理据。”造字方法是研究和运用这种造字理据的具体体现。汉字

的造字方法,是按字理,即把汉字的形体、读音和意义三者结合起来分析的,大致有前人总结出来的“六书说”和“三书说”。“六书”是汉代人根据小篆的形体归纳出来的六种造字方法和造字原则,即象形、指事、会意、形声、转注和假借。清代学者戴震进一步明确了六书的四体二用,前四种是造字之法,后两种是用字之法。到了近代唐兰把六书加以综合,分成象形、象意、形声。陈梦家也提出了“三书说”,即象形、假借、形声,裘锡圭又有不同的新“三书说”,即表意、假借、形声。不管是“三书说”还是“六书说”,汉字的造字是有源流的,并可以找出字的演变脉络,整个发展历程非常清晰。申小龙说:“汉字是一个以形达意、与思维直接相联系的独立的表意系统,因而汉字的结构系统体现出汉民族看待世界的样式。这种样式不把客观世界与思维主体对立起来,而是从内在的主体意识出发,按照主体意识的评价和取向,赋予世界以某种意义。” 申小龙强调了汉字的形体与思维的关系。本文主要由汉字形体归纳出来的汉字造字法来看中国的传统思维,以突出汉字表意性的特点。

1、象形表意法和形象思维(5号宋体加粗)

《说文解字·序》说:“苍颉之初作书,盖依类象形,故谓之文。其后形声相益,即谓之字。”揭示了汉字的前身经历过一个图画文字的阶段,即原始具象造字的阶段。汉字的起源,是从汉民族形象思维的胚胎中发育而成的,汉字由图画衍生。“汉字本于图画,最初的文字是可以读出来的图画,但图画不一定能读。后来文字跟图画渐渐分歧,差别逐渐显著,文字不再图画,而是可以书写的。” 尽管汉字最后从图画里面分离出来了,但汉字的字形中仍然保留着不少的图画痕迹。

文字的前身正是人类长期观察自然和社会的客观形象,并对其模仿再现的结果,是一种具体的、直接的形象思维。所谓思维,是“人脑对现象事物间接的和概括的加工形式,它以内隐的或外显的动作或言语形式表现出来。思维有十分复杂的脑机智,它在脑内对各种事件的关系上进行多层次加工,揭露事物的内在联系或本质特征,是认识的高级形式。”思维包括形象思维和抽象思维。汉字造字之初体现的是形象思

维。形象思维是“以直观形象和表象为支柱的思维过程。”《说文解字·序》说“古者庖牺氏之王天下也,

仰则观象于天,俯则观法于地,观鸟兽之文与地之宜,近取诸身,远取诸物,于是始作《易》八卦,以垂宪象。” 后人从认识论和方法论的角度描述汉字的造字方法,即“观物—取象—比类—体道”。古人造字之初通过仰观俯察,凭着自己对客观事物的直观认识,从感性出发,由自然之象到文字之形,体现了古人不脱离感性形态、整体的、非理性的认知方式。

六书曰:“象形者,画成其物,随体诘诎,日月是也。”象形这种造字方法描绘物体的轮廓形状,具体的画法是随物体的外部形态的弯曲而弯曲。如

(山) 、(牛) 、(羊)、

(鼎),这类表动物的词都是对实物的形象描摹,直观地展示了事物的外部形态,具有鲜明的形象思维特征。每一个象形字,均是一幅可读的图画,对象形字分类可分为两类:第一是直接描摹整个客体,如

(象)

、(矢)、(鼎),这些物体取的是所象之形的整体,这类象形字被称为独体象形,在象形字中占多数,最能体现原始思维的状态,停留在事物的表象上。第二是为了突出特征,把与所象之形密切相关的另一事物也画出来。如

(向),在“宀”字的基础上加一个“口”,表示墙上的洞,本义为窗子。又如

(眉),在目(眼睛)上面又加上眉毛。这是古人为了追求真正的象形,从侧面烘托,把所象之形表现得淋漓尽致,反映了象形程度的至高境界。这也可能是文字还没脱胎图画的综合反映。值得一提的是,少

数象形字比较特殊,它所表示的并不是所象之形的具体实物,而是这种实物具有的某种性质或状态。如 (高),本像台观之形,而这个字表示的并不是台观,而是台观具有的性质或状态。这说明了华夏民族造字有自己的独特视角,追求的不是形似而是神似。那些虎、马和犬的形状栩栩如生,生龙活虎,除了形象的逼真外,更为重要的是内在神韵的相通,(虎)突出大头,(马)突出长髦,(犬)突出卷尾,把最有区别性的特征通过线条表现出来,以显现动物的神灵之气。因为虎有了大头才显得凶狠勇猛,马有了长髦才显得高大健壮,狗常常卷起尾巴,从外在的字形可以看出内在性格习性。

由于文字符号特征的要求,汉字在发展演变中图画性逐渐淡化,文字象形象意的形态进一步减弱,便于书写的符号形态增强,尤其是隶变使汉字形体彻底摆脱了古文字象形象意的桎梏,冲破篆书线条结构的严密束缚,但隶变后的汉字仍然有一定的索形依据,隶变并没有改变象形象意的性质,只是简化了象形象意的手段。如“鹿”字在甲骨文中为

,是一个头、角、腿、尾俱全的形象,角还有许多交叉。在小篆中已减为两个交叉,而在隶书中为 鹿,只有象征性的一点一横。“车”字在甲骨文中为

,画的是车厢和车轮,在隶书中为车 ,保留了一个车厢和两个象征性的车轮。在隶变的过程中一种追求简洁明快的心理起了重要作用,字形充当记录语言的符号,总是越简单、越便于书写就越好,如果形体过于繁杂,就会阻碍社会文化的交流。总之,隶变后的汉字字形虽然褪去了古汉字原始的象形特征,但在笔势笔画中保留了相当程度的象形象意的理据。归根结底,形象思维方式使汉民族太习惯于用相应的具体形象以做到概念生动,有所依托。

2、指事、会意表意法和抽象思维(5号宋体加粗)

由逼真的图画到抽象的概念,可以说是汉字思维方式的历史飞跃。因为现实现象是复杂多变的,除了能直接感知到的客观对象外,还有许多不能感知的概念,无法通过具体的形象来描绘,这是一种抽象思维。

所谓抽象思维,是“运用抽象概念进行判断、推理、得出命题和规律。”如果说象形字停留在“观物”

上,那么指事字、会意字就处在“取象”上。“取象”无疑是一个抽象的过程,是对物象特征的高度概括,对蕴涵其中的“情”和“理”的象征与表达。

汉字的形成发展需要一个过程,思维的发展也如此,但这并不意味着汉字和思维同步进行,汉字的构形只是思维演变的一条狭长的轨迹。造字之初有象形,后来又发展到指事和会意。六书曰:“指事者,视而可识,察而见意,上下是也。”指事实质上是在象形字的基础上加指事性的符号,以标示字意所指的造字方法。指事的造字思维介于形象和抽象之间,因为指事以象形作为基础,其指事符号具有抽象性,起标明、标识事物的作用,如 “寸”字,在

(手)的上面加指事符号,表明这个字的本义是腕关节下面的一点寸口。又如“亦”字,在

(大)的上面加指事符号,表明这个字的本义是两腋,是“腋”的本字。

有些指事字包含了抽象思维的辩证法。所谓辩证法,是“关于世界普遍联系和永恒发展的科学,它是用联系的、发展的、全面的观点看世界。对立统一规律是唯物辩正法的实质和核心。” 传统思维方式认为,有无、阴阳、刚柔、虚实、动静相辅相成,因而在主观世界中建立了客观事物对立统一的观点。有些指事字正好是这种辩证思维的见证,这类字表达相对相反的概念,字多是同中存异,异中求同。如甲骨文

(上)、 (下),长划是古人大脑中想象的基准,空间被分为上下两部分,用短划指代向上或指代向下,中间一横是两者共同的联系。“本末”二字都与木有关,“本”字在木的下面加一条短横,表明字的本义为树木的根,“末”字在木的上面加一条短横,表明字的本义为树木的梢部,所以本末相对,有源流之别,有轻重之异,本末不能倒置。中华民族在看待世界的同时,创造了富有辩证特征的汉字,反映了事物本身存在对立统一的两面,双方既相互依赖又相互对抗。借助汉字放射智慧的光芒,汉字的广泛应用,使辩证思维的哲学深入人心,因而汉字呈现出汉民族的文化心态。

由“观物”、“取象”到“比类”、“体道”,是认识逐渐深化的过程。“比类”、“体道”是把对象作为活动着的相互关联的整体,运用凝练、浓缩和相互比较的方法加以把握,体会更为深刻的“情”和“理”。会意字就是根据事物之间的关系来组合成新字新义,比起象形、指事显得更为空泛和模糊,完全要凭我们的理性思维,必须根据事物之间位置的关系和意义的关系才能推断,是一种纯粹的抽象思维。六书曰:“会意者,比类合谊,以见指撝,武信是也。”如“監”字,甲骨文写作

,下方是一盛水的器皿,上方为

一人俯首临视,表临水正容之义。又如(休),从人,从木,意思是人靠在大树旁休息。象形和指事一般是相对独立的静态事物或人,以图示意,而会意字表示动态的行为过程,需要根据已积累的经验进行判断。

从字的构形和字义的关系来考察,会意字可分为两类:一是表意直接的,即把两个或两个以上的独体字义进行简单叠加,如“林”、“从”字,双木为林,两人一前一后为从。二是表意较为间接和隐曲的,字

义需要根据某种情理、经验对两个或两个以上的独体字义进行推断,须发挥想象才能得其意旨,如 “息”字,从自(古鼻字),从心,古人认为动物的呼吸发于心脏行于鼻腔,本义为气息和呼吸。又如“灋”字,从廌,从去,从水,廌是一种神兽,能分辨是非曲直,去其不平,使诉讼得以公平似水,反映了古人对公平执法的向往。

3、形声表意法和综合整体思维(5号宋体加粗)

当汉字出现了形声表意法时,整个汉字体系拥有了一种强大的生命力。前面提到的用象形、指事、会意方法造出来的字的数量远远不及形声,而且这三种的造字能力比形声表意法显得逊色些,为什么形声刚刚产生就很快占了上风?

六书曰:“形声者,以事为名,取譬相成,江河是也。”形声字是由两个或两个以上的独体或合体组合而成,其中一个独体或合体起表义作用,称之为意符,另外一个独体或合体起标音作用,称之为声符。当意符和声符组合在一起时,表意性就大大增强了。因为形声字是合体字,具有整体的综合效应,一直深受汉民族的喜爱。有人认为,方块汉字是一种意音的形声制度的文字,它有着四千年的演变历史,事实上一部形声字发展的历史,是一部形声字的比重不断增加,不断取得优越的历史。这些话虽然说得有些过头,但确实能发现形声字的许多优点。形声字克服了前几种单一表意的局限性,使汉字朝着声化规律发展,遵循了世界文字共同的方向:表意—表意兼表音—表音。因此汉字作为表意文字,不会落后于时代,也不可能与占世界大多数的拼音文字离得太远。随着社会的发展变化,声符的作用在加强,相反地意符的表意度由强变弱,如“驾”和“驶”都用“马”作为意符,造字之初“马”具有较强的表意性,因为在古时多用“马”作交通工具,而随着现代科学技术的进步,汽车、轮船、飞机成为主要的交通工具,意符明显地淡化。汉字向表音趋势发展,并不意味着字的读音就与声符一致,有的差别相当大,原因是古今读音有别。

表意在减弱,表音在增强,是形声字内部结构调整的结果。如果仅有声符没有意符,那么就失去了汉字的本质特征。意符和声符形成互补关系,这种思维方式符合中国传统的中庸之道。平和、中庸是中国内在的道德。《中庸》曰:“中者天之本也,和者天下之达道也。致中和,夫地位焉,万物育焉。”朱熹说:“中庸,只是一个道理,以其不偏不倚,故谓之中,以其不差异可常行,故谓之庸。”就连“和”字本身也能反映古人的思想,从口,禾声,在古代庄稼冷暖适中,刚柔相齐,内外相平,上下相通,始有禾成熟,“禾”是自然界万象协和的产物,“和”是社会人际关系的美好状态。形声字体现了古代“中和”、“中庸”的思想。形声字一半表意,一半表音,物一分为二,使得汉字既不是单纯的表意文字,也不是拼音文字,因此有人称汉字是意音文字,这不无道理。形声字既表义,又示音,形声协调,相得盖彰,整体功能发挥到最佳状态。

除此之外,形声字的整体性还体现在意符也具有一定的整体性。意符表示大而概括的类,并不能通过意符就直接判断字的具体含义,如“题”、“颜”、“额”,“颊”、“顾”,都从“页”,这表明这些字都与人头有关,但从字形中看不出字的意思,也反映了形声造字法不能做到十全十美。就形声字的整体而言,可以切分为阴阳两部分,意符象征阳性,声符象征阴性,古人常认为尊者为阳,卑者为阴。西周形声字大量出现,大多数是左形右声,位于左边的意符地位高,位于右边的声符地位低,正好与夏商周三代左尊右卑的思想相符合,《觐礼》曰:“诸侯朝天子,同姓西南北上,异姓东面北上。”同姓的人从西(左)面上,异姓的人从东(右)面上。三代以后就变成了尚右,这从一定程度上反映了封建等级观点。社会越往前发展,抽象思维和综合整体思维就越发达,后来形声字在汉字体系中占了绝对优势就说明这一点。

可以说,汉字四种造字法反映了三种传统的思维方式,反过来思维方式也影响和制约着汉字构形,不同的思维方式对文字构形产生了不同的影响。对照中西方思维,可以看出,中国人长于形象思维,具有整体性、模糊性、封闭性的特征,而西方人长于抽象思维,具有分析性、精确性、开放性的特征。汉字的表意性特点十分突出,其实这种意便是主体的内在思想和思维,中国传统的思维认为,主体本身是宇宙的中心,认识审视自我,以穷尽万事万物。于是在这种思维的启发下,造出了一大批本义与人自身有关的汉字。如“首”字甲骨文为

,像长着头发的头部,是侧视形,小篆为 首 ,是正面形,本义为人头,引申为其它事物的开头。

“耳”字甲骨文为 ,像人的耳朵,本义为人耳,引申为其它动物的耳。“走”字小篆为 走,上部分像人急行时甩开双臂,下部分为止(足),本义为奔跑。这些字都是以人为原点,向各个方向牵引,以自我为参照,触类旁通,是特定思维环境下的特殊产物,反映了汉民族以人为本的人文精神。 (5号空一行)

二、由汉字的相关部件探求中国古代的生活习俗(小四宋体加粗)

(5号空一行)

尽管汉字的字形千差万别,但并不是一盘散沙,呈现系统性,汉字发展到现在,符号性越来越强,内

篇三:英语文学论文

※※※※※※※※※ ※2015年 学生 ※

※※ 学期()材料

※※ ※※※※※※※※※

学生学期论文

对比《简爱》中女性“陈规形象”与《飘》

课题名称

中女性“新形象”

姓 名

学 号

学 院 专 业

指导教师

张汝洁130510506英语 蔡爱春 副教授

2015 年 6月25 日

湖南城市学院本科毕业论文诚信声明

本人郑重声明:所呈交的本科毕业论文,是本人在指导老师

的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果,成果不存在知识产权争议,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

本科毕业论文作者签名:

二〇一五年 六 月 二十五日

CONTENTS

Abstract ............................................................................................. 1 Key words. ................................................................................................ 1 摘要 ............................................................................................................ 2 关键词 ........................................................................................................ 2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1 The Comparison between Jane Eyre and Scarlett

O’Hara .............................................................................................. 5

1.1 Jane Eyre’s and Scarlett O’Hara’s family background and

appearances ................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Jane Eyre’s and Scarlett O’Hara’s attitudes toward love .............. 7

1.3 Jane Eyre’s and Scarlett O’Hara’s attitudes toward money ........ 10 Chapter 2 The Similarity and the Differences between the

Themes ............................................................................................ 12

2.1The similarity of the theme .......................................................... 12

2.2 The differences of the theme ...................................................... 13 Chapter 3 The Comparisons between New Images and Old

Images ............................................................................................. 16

3.1 Jane Eyre’s old images ................................................................ 16

3.2 Scarlett O’Hara’s new images .................................................... 17

Conclusion .............................................................................................. 19 Notes ........................................................................................................ 22 Bibliography .......................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 25

A Comparison between Female “Old

Images” in Jane Eyre and “New

Images ” in Gone with the Wind

Abstract:Jane Eyre is the masterpiece of 19 century English female writer Bronte Charlotte,and it tells a story about love and women’s dignity .Gone with the Wind is created by Mitchell Margaret,a famous American female writer ,which is a novel related to reflect the Civil War of America.However,both of them have something similar.Jane Eyre and Gone with the Wind are love stories,the two heroines in Jane Eyre and Gone with the Wind are independent women and they are different from other women in the Victorian times.They no longer adhere to men.In addition,they have their own thought and fight with society and fate in the process of self-fulfillment.But after comparing these two novels we can know that the heroines have differences.Although Jane has the courage to struggle with the fate she still maintains the female old images,Scarlett O’Hara totally gets rid of the restriction of the society and becomes the new images.This thesis analyzes the female images through comparison of every section and it shows that women’s female consciousness have been improved.

Key words:Jane Eyre ;Scarlett O’Hara ; old images; new images; comparison


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